Bitcoin Casinos Australia:
The Complete Guide to Cryptocurrency Gambling Down Under
Bitcoin casinos have transformed the Australian gambling scene by offering players a new way to bet using cryptocurrency. These platforms allow Aussies to deposit, play, and withdraw using Bitcoin instead of traditional currencies like the Australian dollar. The technology promises faster transactions, enhanced privacy, and often better bonuses compared to conventional online casinos.
Need for Spin
- Thousands of Pookies
- Fast Payouts
- PayID / Neosurf
- AUD accepted
Bonus
250% up to AU$4,500 + 500 free spins
Accepted Cryptocurrencies
-
Bitcoin
-
Ethereum
-
Litecoin
Additional Features
- Established: 2021
- KYC: Required
- Telegram: No
- Discord: No
- Chatroom: No
- Wagering: Low
- Deposit: Low
Rolling Slots
- Top Pokies Provider
- 24/7 Support
- PayID / Cards
- Quick Withdrawals
Bonus
300% up to AU$6,400 + 550 Free Spins
Accepted Cryptocurrencies
-
Bitcoin
-
Ethereum
-
Litecoin
-
Bitcoin Cash
Additional Features
- Established: 2021
- KYC: Required
- Telegram: No
- Discord: Yes
- Chatroom: Yes
- Wagering: Low
- Deposit: Standard
Wild Tokyo
- Big Jackpots & Pookies
- AUD Deposits
- PayID / Neosurf
- VIP Rewards
Bonus
250% up to AU$5,300 + 600 Free Spins
Accepted Cryptocurrencies
-
Bitcoin
-
Ethereum
-
Tether
Additional Features
- Established: 2020
- KYC: Required
- Telegram: No
- Discord: Yes
- Chatroom: No
- Wagering: Low
- Deposit: Low
Filters
General Filters
Accepted Cryptocurrencies
Australian players can access numerous Bitcoin casinos that offer everything from pokies to live dealer games, though the legal landscape remains complex. The popularity of cryptocurrency gambling continues to grow as more players discover the benefits of using digital coins for their gaming activities. Many platforms specifically cater to Australian customers with localised support and game selections.
Understanding how Bitcoin casinos operate is essential for any Australian player considering this gambling option. The choice between traditional and cryptocurrency casinos involves weighing factors like transaction speed, anonymity, bonus offers, and regulatory considerations. Players need reliable information to navigate this evolving market safely and make informed decisions about where to gamble with their Bitcoin.
What Are Bitcoin Casinos in Australia?
Bitcoin casinos in Australia are online gambling platforms that accept cryptocurrency payments alongside or instead of traditional money. These platforms offer the same casino games as regular online casinos but process transactions through digital currencies like Bitcoin.
How Bitcoin Casinos Work
Bitcoin casinos operate using blockchain technology to process deposits and withdrawals. Players create digital wallets to store their cryptocurrency before transferring funds to the casino.
The process starts when players purchase Bitcoin through cryptocurrency exchanges. They then send Bitcoin from their personal wallet to the casino’s wallet address. This transfer typically takes 10-30 minutes to confirm on the blockchain.
Deposit Process:
- Purchase Bitcoin from an exchange
- Copy casino’s wallet address
- Send Bitcoin from personal wallet
- Wait for blockchain confirmation
- Start playing games
When players win, they request withdrawals to their personal Bitcoin wallet. Most Bitcoin casinos process withdrawals within 24 hours. This speed advantage attracts many Australian players who face longer wait times with traditional banking methods.
Some Bitcoin casinos convert cryptocurrency to Australian dollars for gameplay. Others keep everything in Bitcoin throughout the entire gaming experience.
Comparison with Traditional Online Casinos
Bitcoin casinos differ from traditional online casinos in several key areas. Payment speed represents the biggest difference between these platforms.
Traditional casinos use bank transfers, credit cards, and e-wallets. These methods often take 3-7 business days for withdrawals. Bitcoin casinos typically process withdrawals within hours.
Privacy levels also vary significantly. Traditional casinos require extensive personal information including bank details and identity documents. Bitcoin casinos often need less personal data, though licensed operators still require some verification.
| Feature | Traditional Casinos | Bitcoin Casinos |
| Withdrawal Speed | 3-7 days | Hours to 1 day |
| Privacy | High verification | Moderate verification |
| Transaction Fees | Banking fees apply | Network fees only |
| Currency Stability | Stable AUD | Volatile crypto prices |
Transaction fees present another difference. Traditional casinos may charge withdrawal fees or currency conversion costs. Bitcoin casinos typically only charge small network fees for blockchain transactions.
However, Bitcoin’s price volatility creates unique challenges. A player’s winnings can increase or decrease in value before withdrawal.
Australia’s Online Gambling Landscape
Australia’s gambling laws create a complex environment for online casinos. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibits online casinos from operating within Australia.
Australian residents can legally access offshore online casinos. This includes Bitcoin casinos licensed in jurisdictions like Curaçao, Malta, or Gibraltar.
Legal Status:
- Offshore casinos are legal for Australians to use
- No Australian-licensed Bitcoin casinos exist
- Players face no legal consequences for using offshore sites
- Only the operators face potential penalties
Many Bitcoin casinos specifically welcome Australian players. These platforms often feature Australian dollar equivalents and support for local payment methods alongside cryptocurrency options.
The Reserve Bank of Australia treats Bitcoin as a commodity rather than currency. This classification affects how casinos handle cryptocurrency transactions and taxation requirements.
Popular Bitcoin casinos serving Australians typically hold licenses from established gambling authorities. These licenses ensure basic player protections and fair gaming standards, even though they’re not Australian licenses.
Legal Status of Bitcoin Casinos in Australia
Bitcoin casinos operate in a complex legal environment in Australia, with the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibiting local operators from offering online casino services to Australian residents. However, offshore Bitcoin casinos continue to operate in a legal grey area.
Relevant Laws and Regulations
The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 (IGA) serves as the primary legislation governing online gambling in Australia. This act specifically prohibits Australian-based operators from providing online casino services to local residents.
The law does not make it illegal for Australians to access offshore gambling sites. This creates a legal grey area where players can use international Bitcoin casinos without breaking Australian law.
ASIC has updated its guidance on digital assets, clarifying that many cryptocurrency operations fall under the Corporations Act 2001. The regulator now uses the term “digital assets” instead of “crypto assets” in its official documentation.
Key regulatory points include:
- No Australian licences available for online casino operators
- Offshore operators cannot advertise to Australian audiences
- Payment processors face restrictions on gambling transactions
- Bitcoin transactions bypass traditional banking restrictions
The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) enforces advertising restrictions. International Bitcoin casinos cannot actively market their services to Australian players through local channels.
Licencing and Responsible Gambling
Australian Bitcoin casinos cannot obtain local gaming licences under current legislation. All Bitcoin casinos serving Australian players operate under offshore licences from jurisdictions like Malta, Gibraltar, or Curaçao.
These international licences require operators to implement responsible gambling measures. Common requirements include deposit limits, self-exclusion tools, and age verification systems.
Reputable offshore Bitcoin casinos typically hold licences from recognised authorities:
- Malta Gaming Authority (MGA)
- UK Gambling Commission
- Gibraltar Regulatory Authority
- Curaçao eGaming
Players cannot access Australian consumer protection frameworks when using offshore Bitcoin casinos. This includes dispute resolution services and compensation schemes available for locally licenced operators.
Responsible gambling tools vary between operators. Most established Bitcoin casinos offer basic protections like spending limits and cooling-off periods.
Impact on Australian Players
Australian players face both opportunities and risks when using Bitcoin casinos. The absence of local regulation means fewer consumer protections compared to traditional gambling venues.
Benefits for players include:
- Access to a wider range of casino games
- Faster withdrawal processing through cryptocurrency
- Enhanced privacy compared to traditional payment methods
- Potential bonuses and promotions not available locally
Risks players face:
- Limited legal recourse for disputes
- Potential exposure to unlicenced operators
- Difficulty recovering funds from problematic sites
- No protection from Australian consumer laws
Bitcoin transactions provide anonymity that traditional banking cannot match. This appeals to players seeking privacy but also creates challenges for problem gambling intervention.
The cryptocurrency market’s volatility affects player balances. Bitcoin’s value fluctuations can impact winnings and deposits between the time of transaction and withdrawal.
Players must exercise greater caution when selecting Bitcoin casinos. Due diligence becomes essential as Australian authorities provide limited oversight of offshore operators.
How to Choose a Bitcoin Casino in Australia
Choosing the right Bitcoin casino requires careful evaluation of key factors like licensing, game variety, and security measures. Players need to assess payment options, bonus structures, and customer support quality to make an informed decision.
Factors to Consider
Licensing and Regulation play a crucial role in casino selection. Players should verify that casinos hold valid gaming licences from recognised authorities like Curaçao or Malta Gaming Authority.
Payment Methods matter significantly for Bitcoin casinos. Look for sites that support multiple cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin. Fast withdrawal times are essential.
Bonus Structures vary widely between platforms. Compare welcome bonuses, ongoing promotions, and wagering requirements. Some casinos offer up to 1 BTC in bonus funds.
Customer Support quality indicates casino reliability. Top casinos provide 24/7 live chat support and respond quickly to player queries. Check available contact methods before signing up.
Mobile Compatibility ensures convenient gaming access. Modern Bitcoin casinos offer responsive websites or dedicated mobile apps for smartphones and tablets.
Evaluating Game Selection
Software Providers determine game quality and variety. Leading Bitcoin casinos partner with providers like NetEnt, Microgaming, and Evolution Gaming for premium content.
Game Categories should meet player preferences. Look for extensive slots libraries, table games like blackjack and roulette, and live dealer options.
Exclusive Games add unique value to casino offerings. Some platforms feature provably fair games specifically designed for cryptocurrency players.
Game Search Functions improve user experience. Quality casinos provide filtering options by provider, game type, and popularity to help players find preferred titles quickly.
Assessing Security and Fairness
SSL Encryption protects player data and financial information. Reputable Bitcoin casinos use 128-bit or 256-bit SSL certificates to secure all transactions.
Provably Fair Technology allows players to verify game outcomes independently. This cryptographic system ensures complete transparency in gaming results.
Random Number Generators guarantee fair gameplay. Licensed casinos use certified RNG systems tested by independent auditing companies like eCOGRA.
Privacy Protection matters for cryptocurrency users. Quality platforms implement strict data protection policies and don’t share personal information with third parties.
Wallet Security features include two-factor authentication and cold storage for player funds. Check if casinos segregate player funds from operational accounts.
Depositing and Withdrawing with Bitcoin
Bitcoin deposits at Australian casinos typically take 15-30 minutes to confirm, while withdrawals can process within hours compared to days for traditional banking. Players need a secure Bitcoin wallet and must understand transaction fees and verification requirements before starting.
Steps to Make Bitcoin Deposits
Players need to create a Bitcoin wallet before making their first deposit. Popular options include Electrum, Exodus, and hardware wallets like Ledger.
Most Australian Bitcoin casinos require account verification first. Players upload ID documents and proof of address. This process takes 24-48 hours.
The deposit process follows these steps:
- Log into the casino account
- Navigate to the cashier section
- Select Bitcoin as payment method
- Copy the casino’s Bitcoin address
- Send Bitcoin from personal wallet
- Wait for blockchain confirmation
Transaction fees range from $2-15 depending on network congestion. Higher fees result in faster confirmations.
Deposits usually require 1-3 confirmations before appearing in the casino account. This takes 15-45 minutes on average.
Tips for Fast and Safe Withdrawals
Australian Bitcoin casinos process withdrawals faster than traditional payment methods. Most sites complete Bitcoin withdrawals within 2-24 hours.
Key withdrawal requirements include:
- Account verification completed
- Minimum withdrawal amount met (usually $20-50)
- Wagering requirements satisfied
- Same wallet used for deposits
Players should use the same Bitcoin address for withdrawals when possible. This speeds up processing and reduces security checks.
Check withdrawal limits before playing. Many casinos cap daily withdrawals at $5,000-10,000 for Bitcoin.
Double-check wallet addresses before submitting requests. Bitcoin transactions cannot be reversed once confirmed.
Common Payment Issues and Solutions
Network congestion causes the most Bitcoin payment delays. Transactions can take several hours during peak times. Players should increase transaction fees during busy periods.
Address errors lead to lost funds. Always copy and paste Bitcoin addresses rather than typing manually. Some casinos provide QR codes for mobile deposits.
Verification delays slow down withdrawals. Complete account verification immediately after registration. Upload clear document photos to avoid rejection.
Insufficient confirmations cause deposit delays. Most casinos require 3 confirmations for security. This process cannot be rushed.
Wallet compatibility issues affect some players. Ensure the Bitcoin wallet supports the casino’s address format. Contact support if deposits don’t appear after 2 hours.
Popular Games at Australian Bitcoin Casinos
Bitcoin casinos in Australia offer the same exciting games found at traditional venues, with added benefits like faster payouts and enhanced privacy. Players can enjoy everything from classic pokies to live dealer experiences using cryptocurrency.
Pokies
Pokies dominate Australian Bitcoin casinos, making up the largest portion of game libraries. These digital slot machines work exactly like traditional versions but accept Bitcoin deposits and withdrawals.
Popular titles include Mega Moolah, Book of Dead, and Starburst. Many crypto casinos feature thousands of pokie variations. Players can choose from classic 3-reel games or modern video slots with bonus rounds.
Bitcoin-specific pokies often include crypto themes and symbols. Some games offer progressive jackpots that grow across multiple Bitcoin casinos. The advantage of crypto pokies is instant payouts when players win big.
Most Australian Bitcoin casinos categorise pokies by theme, volatility, and provider. This makes finding preferred games easier for players.
Table Games
Classic table games remain hugely popular at Bitcoin casinos. Blackjack, roulette, baccarat, and poker variants are standard offerings.
Bitcoin blackjack typically offers the same rules as traditional versions. Players can find single-deck and multi-deck variations. Some casinos offer Pontoon, the Australian version of blackjack.
Roulette comes in European, American, and French formats. European roulette is most popular due to better odds. Many sites offer multiple betting limits to suit different bankrolls.
Crypto poker includes video poker and table poker variants. Texas Hold’em and Caribbean Stud are common choices. Some casinos host Bitcoin poker tournaments with crypto prizes.
Live Dealer Options
Live dealer games bring real casino atmosphere to online Bitcoin gambling. Players interact with real dealers through high-quality video streams.
Live blackjack and live roulette are the most popular options. Professional dealers operate from studios designed to look like casino floors. Players can chat with dealers and other participants.
Live baccarat attracts high-roller Bitcoin players. Some casinos offer VIP live dealer rooms with higher betting limits. Live game shows like Dream Catcher and Monopoly Live add entertainment value.
Bitcoin deposits allow players to join live tables instantly. Winnings are typically credited to Bitcoin wallets within minutes of game completion.
Specialty Bitcoin Games
Many Australian Bitcoin casinos offer games designed specifically for cryptocurrency users. Crash games have become extremely popular, where players watch multipliers increase and cash out before they crash.
Dice games let players choose odds and potential payouts. Plinko involves dropping balls down pegged boards for random prizes. Mines requires players to avoid hidden bombs while collecting gems.
Provably fair games use blockchain technology to verify randomness. Players can check that results are genuinely random and not manipulated. This transparency appeals to many Bitcoin gambling enthusiasts.
Some casinos create exclusive Bitcoin games not available elsewhere. These often feature cryptocurrency themes and innovative gameplay mechanics.
Bonuses and Promotions for Australian Bitcoin Casino Players
Australian Bitcoin casino players can access substantial welcome packages, ongoing promotions, and exclusive VIP rewards. Most crypto casinos offer bonuses ranging from 100% to 300% deposit matches, with specific wagering requirements that vary significantly between operators.
Types of Bitcoin Casino Bonuses
Welcome bonuses are the most common type at Australian Bitcoin casinos. These typically match the first deposit by 100% to 300%, plus free spins on popular pokies.
No deposit bonuses give players free credits without requiring an initial deposit. These range from $10 to $50 in Bitcoin value.
Reload bonuses reward existing players with deposit matches. Most Australian crypto casinos offer these weekly or monthly. They usually provide 50% to 100% matches on deposits.
Free spins promotions focus on pokie games. Players might receive 50 to 200 free spins on new or featured games.
Cashback offers return a percentage of losses over a specific period. These typically range from 5% to 20% of net losses.
Wagering Requirements Explained
Wagering requirements determine how many times players must bet bonus funds before withdrawing winnings. Australian Bitcoin casinos typically set requirements between 25x and 50x the bonus amount.
A $100 bonus with 30x wagering means players must place $3,000 in bets before cashing out. Different games contribute varying percentages towards meeting these requirements.
Pokies usually contribute 100% towards wagering requirements. Table games like blackjack often contribute only 10% to 20%. Live dealer games may contribute 5% to 15%.
Players should check the terms carefully. Some casinos exclude certain games entirely from bonus play. Time limits also apply, typically ranging from 7 to 30 days.
Loyalty and VIP Programmes
Most Australian Bitcoin casinos operate points-based loyalty systems. Players earn points for every dollar wagered, which convert to bonus credits or cash.
VIP tiers offer increasing benefits as players advance. Common levels include Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. Higher tiers unlock better conversion rates, exclusive bonuses, and personal account managers.
VIP perks often include faster withdrawals, higher deposit limits, and birthday bonuses. Some programmes offer physical rewards like gadgets or holiday packages.
Players advance through tiers based on monthly or lifetime wagering amounts. Requirements vary significantly between operators, with some needing $1,000 monthly wagers for basic VIP status.
Pros and Cons of Using Bitcoin at Online Casinos
Bitcoin offers unique benefits like faster transactions and enhanced privacy, but players should also consider volatility risks and technical requirements before choosing crypto gambling.
Advantages of Bitcoin Transactions
Speed and Efficiency are major benefits of Bitcoin gambling. Players can complete deposits within minutes instead of waiting days for bank transfers. Withdrawals process much faster than traditional payment methods.
Lower Transaction Fees make Bitcoin attractive for frequent players. Crypto transactions typically cost less than credit card or bank transfer fees. This means more money stays in players’ accounts for gaming.
Enhanced Privacy protects player information. Bitcoin transactions don’t require personal banking details or credit card numbers. Players can gamble with greater anonymity compared to traditional payment methods.
Bigger Bonuses are common at Bitcoin casinos. Many sites offer special crypto bonuses that exceed standard welcome offers. These bonuses can include higher match percentages or additional free spins.
No Banking Restrictions benefit Australian players. Some banks block gambling transactions, but Bitcoin bypasses these limitations. Players maintain full control over their funds without third-party interference.
Potential Disadvantages and Risks
Price Volatility creates the biggest risk for Bitcoin gamblers. The cryptocurrency’s value can change rapidly within hours or days. Players might lose money due to price drops even after winning games.
Technical Complexity can challenge new users. Setting up Bitcoin wallets and managing private keys requires basic technical knowledge. Mistakes in wallet addresses can result in permanent fund loss.
Limited Customer Support exists for Bitcoin-related issues. Traditional payment problems get resolved through banks or card companies. Bitcoin transactions are irreversible, leaving fewer options for dispute resolution.
Regulatory Uncertainty affects long-term security. Cryptocurrency laws continue evolving in Australia and globally. Future regulations might impact Bitcoin casino operations or player access.
Future Trends for Bitcoin Casinos in Australia
Bitcoin casinos in Australia are set to evolve significantly through 2025 and beyond. New technologies will reshape gaming experiences, regulatory frameworks will become clearer, and player preferences will drive innovation in crypto gambling platforms.
Emerging Technologies
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are transforming how Bitcoin casinos operate. These technologies personalise gaming experiences by analysing player behaviour patterns. AI-powered systems recommend games based on individual preferences and betting history.
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) integration is expanding rapidly. Players can now experience immersive casino environments from their homes. VR poker tables and AR slot machines create realistic gambling atmospheres using Bitcoin payments.
Blockchain improvements beyond Bitcoin are gaining traction. Ethereum-based smart contracts automate payouts and ensure fair play. Layer-2 solutions reduce transaction fees and increase processing speeds for Bitcoin deposits and withdrawals.
Mobile-first design dominates platform development. Bitcoin casinos prioritise smartphone compatibility over desktop versions. Touch-optimised interfaces and simplified crypto wallet integrations make mobile gambling more accessible for Australian players.
Predictions for Regulation
The Australian government is developing specific cryptocurrency gambling regulations for 2025. These rules will likely require Bitcoin casinos to obtain proper licensing before serving Australian customers.
Consumer protection measures will become mandatory. Bitcoin casinos must implement responsible gambling tools and transaction limits. Enhanced identity verification processes will prevent underage gambling and money laundering.
Tax reporting requirements for crypto winnings will become stricter. Players may need to report Bitcoin gambling profits exceeding certain thresholds. Casinos will provide detailed transaction records for tax compliance purposes.
Banking integration between traditional financial institutions and crypto casinos will improve. This cooperation will make Bitcoin deposits and withdrawals more streamlined for Australian players.
Impact of Changing Player Preferences
Australian gamblers increasingly prefer cryptocurrency stability over price volatility. Stablecoin options like Tether (USDT) are becoming popular alternatives to Bitcoin for consistent betting values.
Privacy concerns drive more players toward Bitcoin casinos. Traditional online casinos require extensive personal information, whilst crypto platforms offer greater anonymity. This trend particularly appeals to privacy-conscious Australian gamblers.
Instant transaction speeds have become non-negotiable expectations. Players demand immediate Bitcoin deposits and rapid withdrawal processing. Casinos unable to provide these services lose customers to faster competitors.Bonus structures specifically designed for cryptocurrency users are evolving. Bitcoin-exclusive promotions, crypto cashback programmes, and mining reward bonuses attract tech-savvy Australian players to crypto gambling platforms.
Frequently Asked Questions
Players often have questions about the legal status of Bitcoin gambling in Australia and how these platforms operate. Common concerns include finding trustworthy sites, understanding game selection, and managing crypto transactions safely.
Bitcoin casinos exist in a legal grey area in Australia. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibits Australian companies from offering online casino services to local residents.
However, the law does not specifically criminalise Australian players who use offshore Bitcoin casinos. Players are not prosecuted for gambling at international crypto casinos that accept Australian customers.
The use of cryptocurrency does not change the legal framework. Bitcoin transactions follow the same regulations as traditional currency when it comes to online gambling laws.
Several established Bitcoin casinos serve Australian players in 2025. These platforms typically offer extensive game libraries and competitive bonus programmes.
Top-rated sites focus on fast payout speeds and strong security measures. Many feature live dealer games alongside traditional slots and table games.
Player reviews consistently highlight casinos with reliable customer support and transparent terms. The best platforms maintain proper licensing from recognised gambling jurisdictions.
Valid licensing from reputable jurisdictions indicates a trustworthy Bitcoin casino. Look for licences from Malta, Gibraltar, or Curacao gaming authorities.
Check for SSL encryption and secure payment processing. Trustworthy casinos display security certificates prominently on their websites.
Read player reviews and check complaint forums. Established casinos have transaction histories and user feedback spanning several years.
Verify the casino’s provably fair gaming technology. This allows players to confirm that game outcomes are truly random and not manipulated.
Bitcoin casinos offer comprehensive game selections similar to traditional online casinos. Slots make up the largest category, with hundreds of titles from major software providers.
Table games include blackjack, roulette, baccarat, and poker variants. Many sites feature multiple versions of each game with different betting limits.
Live dealer games provide real-time gaming experiences. Players can interact with professional dealers via video streaming technology.
Specialty games like bingo, keno, and scratch cards are commonly available. Some platforms also offer sports betting alongside casino games.
Store large amounts of cryptocurrency in hardware wallets rather than exchange accounts. Only transfer the amount needed for gambling sessions to online wallets.
Use separate crypto wallets specifically for gambling activities. This helps track spending and maintains better security for main cryptocurrency holdings.
Enable two-factor authentication on all cryptocurrency accounts. This adds an extra security layer against unauthorised access attempts.
Set deposit and loss limits before gambling sessions begin. Many Bitcoin casinos offer built-in responsible gambling tools to help manage spending.
Deposits typically process within minutes after blockchain confirmation. Players send Bitcoin from their personal wallets to the casino’s designated wallet address.
Most casinos require 1-3 blockchain confirmations before crediting deposits. This usually takes 10-30 minutes depending on network congestion.
Withdrawals often process faster than traditional payment methods. Many Bitcoin casinos complete withdrawals within 24 hours of approval.
Transaction fees vary based on network conditions and casino policies. Some platforms absorb transaction costs whilst others pass fees to players.